The system model of fork channels in tidal land
Water regulation system with a fork (Figure 2) has been developed by the University of Gajah Mada (UGM) on tidal land, land that is located on the coastal plain or plains near the river; affected either directly or indirectly by the tides. To set the tide recedes, the doors are made of water, known as flapgate ie automatic doors when the tide, the water will push the door so that water can get into the trenches plot of land: but when low tide, the water will be retained in the trenches -ditch plot of land. Tall structure / operational water gates are adapted to the use of land, whether for rice, surjan or dry land. Weaknesses fork system: The cost of making the fork system is too expensive, because it is designed to fairly extensive agricultural areBintaro Xchange Mall as and using heavy equipment;
E. Peatland Fires
Another constraint on peat soil is peat fires this can be detrimental, if excessive drying of peat experienced colloidal peat becomes so damaged and dry. Not dry behind the symptoms occur (irreversible drying) and peat changing properties such as charcoal so no longer able to absorb nutrients and retain water (Subagyo et al, 1996). Peat will lose water available after 4-5 weeks of drying and this resulted flammable peat.
Forest fires and peat land in tropical areas, especially in South-East Asia has occurred over the last 20 years. The fire occurred mostly during the dry season periods affected by hot climates or known as the El Nino-Southern oscillation (ENSO). This hot periods may occur every 3-7 years, and it happened a long time from 14 months to 22 months (Singaravelu, 2002). Heating is usually started in October, continued to increase to the end of the year and culminates in mid next year.
Wet tropical forest fires in Indonesia are known to occur since the 19th century, the region between Borneo and Cempaka River (now the Sampit River and Katingan) in Central Kalimantan, which was damaged by fire in 1877. Forestry Statistics of Indonesia had recorded forest fires since 1978, despite the large fires that are known by the public occurred in 1982/1983 has spent 3.6 million ha of forest, including about 500,000 ha of peat land in East Kalimantan (Page et al., 2000; Parish, 2002). Furthermore, in 1987 a large-scale forest fires occurred again in 21 provinces, especially in East Kalimantan, which coincided with the emergence of the hot climate ENSO period, so since then arises the notion that forest fires are a result of natural disasters and droughts dry as ENSO. That's a big fire occurred again in 1991, 1994 and 1997 in 24 provinces in Indonesia.
Fires during the dry season in 1997, has burned about 1.5 million ha of peatlands in Indonesia (BAPPENAS, 1998), including 750,000 ha in Kalimantan. Land and forest fires in 1997 declared as the worst in 20 years. On the basis of the above-mentioned historical record, land and forest fires in Indonesia is repeated every five years, which seems to fit right in with the hot climate ENSO period an average of 5 years.
· Cause of Fire
Forest fires and peat land during the dry season can be caused or triggered by natural events and human activities or carelessness. Natural disasters such as the burning of twigs and dry leaves immediately Hotel Murah Di Jakarta (spontaneous) due to the heat generated by rocks and other objects that can store and deliver heat, and release of methane (CH4) has been known to trigger fires (Abdullah et al., 2002). Nevertheless, the principal cause of the fire is the presence and activity or human carelessness, the 90-95% incidence of fires triggered by these factors.
Human factors that can lead to fires include the clearing of land for the development of large-scale farming, tillage by farmers, and recreational activities such as camping, picnicking and hunting. According to the experience in Malaysia (Abdullah et al., 2002; Moses & Parlan, 2002) and Sumatra (Sanders, 2005), land clearing and preparation by both the company and the community is a major cause of forest fires and peat land. Opening and preparation of land by the farmers by burning a cheap and fast way, especially for low berkesuburan ground. Many studies have shown that this method is quite helpful to improve soil fertility by increasing the nutrient content and reduced acidity (Diemont et al., 2002). It's just that if not controlled, these activities can lead to fires.
On a larger scale, the threat of fires occur mainly in forests and peatlands that have been reclaimed. The case of forest fires and peatland in 1997 showed that about 80% of the land area of Project Development
Peatland (PPLG) 1.4 million hectares in Central Kalimantan covered by point hot spots (hot spots), which is spreading more and more in the direction of the channel pengatusan (drainage) which have been built (Jaya et al, 2000; Page et al, 2000) . The threat was indeed eventually happened that about 500,000 ha area in Central Kalimantan PPLG been burned during the 1997 fires (Page et al, 2000; Siegert et al, 2002).
· Nature of Fire
The nature of fires in forests and peatlands different from what happened in the forests and fields of mineral soil (not peat). In peaty areas, fire not only burned crops and forest vegetation and forest floor (forest floor) includes a layer of litter, leaves and fallen wood former, but also burn peat layer either on the surface or below the surface.
Based on field observations (Usup et al, 2003) there are two types of layers of peat fires, the type and the type of surface layers below the surface. The first type can burn up to 10-15 cm layer of peat, which usually occurs in shallow peat and forest land or on water table elevations of no more than 30 cm from the surface. In the first type, the end of the train zigzags and fast moving, with a projected length of about 10-50 cm and the average spreading rate of 3.83 cm hr-1 (or 92 cm day-1).
The second type is the burning of peat at a depth of 30-50 cm below the surface. Flame tip moves and spreads towards the dome of peat (peat dome) and the roots of trees with an average speed of 1.29 cm hr-1 (or 29 cm day-1). The second type of fire is the most dangerous because it creates a dark and dense smog, and other pollutants release gases into the atmosphere. In addition, the 2nd fire type is very difficult to extinguish, even by heavy rain though.
From the above discussion it is clear that forest fires and peat poses can impact / bad consequences greater than the fires that occur in areas not peaty (mineral soil). In addition, the handling of different ways, because of the characteristics of fires in peatlaInvestmandiri.com Bisnis Investasi Online Sebagai Lowongan Kerja, Dan Peluang Usaha Murahnd areas that are not typical of that in the peat.
· Due to Fire
Forest fires and peat land can result in direct and indirect environmental footprint in the incident (on site efect) or off-site events (of site-effect). As a result of forest fires and peat include loss of litter layer and a layer of peat, environmental stability, disturbance of flora and fauna dynamics, disturbance of air quality and human health, loss of economic potential, and disruption of transportation and communications systems.
Water regulation system with a fork (Figure 2) has been developed by the University of Gajah Mada (UGM) on tidal land, land that is located on the coastal plain or plains near the river; affected either directly or indirectly by the tides. To set the tide recedes, the doors are made of water, known as flapgate ie automatic doors when the tide, the water will push the door so that water can get into the trenches plot of land: but when low tide, the water will be retained in the trenches -ditch plot of land. Tall structure / operational water gates are adapted to the use of land, whether for rice, surjan or dry land. Weaknesses fork system: The cost of making the fork system is too expensive, because it is designed to fairly extensive agricultural areBintaro Xchange Mall as and using heavy equipment;
E. Peatland Fires
Another constraint on peat soil is peat fires this can be detrimental, if excessive drying of peat experienced colloidal peat becomes so damaged and dry. Not dry behind the symptoms occur (irreversible drying) and peat changing properties such as charcoal so no longer able to absorb nutrients and retain water (Subagyo et al, 1996). Peat will lose water available after 4-5 weeks of drying and this resulted flammable peat.
Forest fires and peat land in tropical areas, especially in South-East Asia has occurred over the last 20 years. The fire occurred mostly during the dry season periods affected by hot climates or known as the El Nino-Southern oscillation (ENSO). This hot periods may occur every 3-7 years, and it happened a long time from 14 months to 22 months (Singaravelu, 2002). Heating is usually started in October, continued to increase to the end of the year and culminates in mid next year.
Wet tropical forest fires in Indonesia are known to occur since the 19th century, the region between Borneo and Cempaka River (now the Sampit River and Katingan) in Central Kalimantan, which was damaged by fire in 1877. Forestry Statistics of Indonesia had recorded forest fires since 1978, despite the large fires that are known by the public occurred in 1982/1983 has spent 3.6 million ha of forest, including about 500,000 ha of peat land in East Kalimantan (Page et al., 2000; Parish, 2002). Furthermore, in 1987 a large-scale forest fires occurred again in 21 provinces, especially in East Kalimantan, which coincided with the emergence of the hot climate ENSO period, so since then arises the notion that forest fires are a result of natural disasters and droughts dry as ENSO. That's a big fire occurred again in 1991, 1994 and 1997 in 24 provinces in Indonesia.
Fires during the dry season in 1997, has burned about 1.5 million ha of peatlands in Indonesia (BAPPENAS, 1998), including 750,000 ha in Kalimantan. Land and forest fires in 1997 declared as the worst in 20 years. On the basis of the above-mentioned historical record, land and forest fires in Indonesia is repeated every five years, which seems to fit right in with the hot climate ENSO period an average of 5 years.
· Cause of Fire
Forest fires and peat land during the dry season can be caused or triggered by natural events and human activities or carelessness. Natural disasters such as the burning of twigs and dry leaves immediately Hotel Murah Di Jakarta (spontaneous) due to the heat generated by rocks and other objects that can store and deliver heat, and release of methane (CH4) has been known to trigger fires (Abdullah et al., 2002). Nevertheless, the principal cause of the fire is the presence and activity or human carelessness, the 90-95% incidence of fires triggered by these factors.
Human factors that can lead to fires include the clearing of land for the development of large-scale farming, tillage by farmers, and recreational activities such as camping, picnicking and hunting. According to the experience in Malaysia (Abdullah et al., 2002; Moses & Parlan, 2002) and Sumatra (Sanders, 2005), land clearing and preparation by both the company and the community is a major cause of forest fires and peat land. Opening and preparation of land by the farmers by burning a cheap and fast way, especially for low berkesuburan ground. Many studies have shown that this method is quite helpful to improve soil fertility by increasing the nutrient content and reduced acidity (Diemont et al., 2002). It's just that if not controlled, these activities can lead to fires.
On a larger scale, the threat of fires occur mainly in forests and peatlands that have been reclaimed. The case of forest fires and peatland in 1997 showed that about 80% of the land area of Project Development
Peatland (PPLG) 1.4 million hectares in Central Kalimantan covered by point hot spots (hot spots), which is spreading more and more in the direction of the channel pengatusan (drainage) which have been built (Jaya et al, 2000; Page et al, 2000) . The threat was indeed eventually happened that about 500,000 ha area in Central Kalimantan PPLG been burned during the 1997 fires (Page et al, 2000; Siegert et al, 2002).
· Nature of Fire
The nature of fires in forests and peatlands different from what happened in the forests and fields of mineral soil (not peat). In peaty areas, fire not only burned crops and forest vegetation and forest floor (forest floor) includes a layer of litter, leaves and fallen wood former, but also burn peat layer either on the surface or below the surface.
Based on field observations (Usup et al, 2003) there are two types of layers of peat fires, the type and the type of surface layers below the surface. The first type can burn up to 10-15 cm layer of peat, which usually occurs in shallow peat and forest land or on water table elevations of no more than 30 cm from the surface. In the first type, the end of the train zigzags and fast moving, with a projected length of about 10-50 cm and the average spreading rate of 3.83 cm hr-1 (or 92 cm day-1).
The second type is the burning of peat at a depth of 30-50 cm below the surface. Flame tip moves and spreads towards the dome of peat (peat dome) and the roots of trees with an average speed of 1.29 cm hr-1 (or 29 cm day-1). The second type of fire is the most dangerous because it creates a dark and dense smog, and other pollutants release gases into the atmosphere. In addition, the 2nd fire type is very difficult to extinguish, even by heavy rain though.
From the above discussion it is clear that forest fires and peat poses can impact / bad consequences greater than the fires that occur in areas not peaty (mineral soil). In addition, the handling of different ways, because of the characteristics of fires in peatlaInvestmandiri.com Bisnis Investasi Online Sebagai Lowongan Kerja, Dan Peluang Usaha Murahnd areas that are not typical of that in the peat.
· Due to Fire
Forest fires and peat land can result in direct and indirect environmental footprint in the incident (on site efect) or off-site events (of site-effect). As a result of forest fires and peat include loss of litter layer and a layer of peat, environmental stability, disturbance of flora and fauna dynamics, disturbance of air quality and human health, loss of economic potential, and disruption of transportation and communications systems.
Categories:
0 comments:
Post a Comment